Ray tracing is a rendering technique that simulates the physical behavior of light to generate realistic and detailed images. It traces the path of light rays from the camera through the scene, calculating interactions with objects and surfaces to determine the final color of each pixel.

A lighting model is a mathematical model that calculates the intensity of light at a given point in a 3D scene. It takes into account factors such as the position and direction of light sources, the material properties of objects, and the geometry of the scene to determine how light interacts with objects and surfaces.

Level of Detail (LOD) is an optimization technique that reduces the geometric complexity of objects based on their distance from the camera. Objects that are farther away are rendered with lower detail, while objects that are closer are rendered with higher detail. This helps to improve performance by reducing the number of polygons that need to be processed.

A texture is a 2D image that is applied to the surface of an object in a 3D scene. It adds color, detail, and realism to the object, helping to define its appearance and material properties.

Phong Shading is a shading technique that interpolates the normal vectors of a surface at each pixel to calculate the intensity of light at that point. It produces smooth and realistic surfaces by taking into account the direction of the light source and the viewer's perspective.

A shader is a program that runs on the graphics processing unit (GPU) to determine the appearance of objects in a 3D scene. It takes into account various factors such as lighting, textures, and material properties to calculate the final color of each pixel.

Shadow Mapping is a technique used to generate shadows in real-time rendering. It involves rendering the scene from the perspective of the light source and storing the depth information in a texture. This texture is then used to determine which parts of the scene are in shadow.

A vertex buffer is a memory buffer that stores the positions of vertices in a 3D scene. It is used to define the geometry of objects and is essential for rendering the scene.

Batching is a technique used to reduce the number of draw calls in game graphics. It involves combining multiple draw calls into a single draw call, which improves performance by reducing the overhead associated with each draw call.

A normal map is a texture that stores the normal vectors of a surface at each pixel. It is used to add detail and realism to the surface by simulating the way light interacts with it.

Wave simulation is a technique used to simulate realistic water surfaces in game graphics. It involves using mathematical models to simulate the behavior of water, including waves, ripples, and reflections.

An alpha channel is a component of a texture that stores transparency information. It determines the opacity of each pixel in the texture, allowing for transparent and semi-transparent objects to be rendered.

Particle systems are commonly used to create realistic fire and smoke effects in game graphics. They involve simulating the behavior of individual particles, such as their position, velocity, and acceleration, to create dynamic and visually appealing effects.

A depth buffer is a memory buffer that stores the depth information of pixels in a 3D scene. It is used to determine which objects are closer to the camera and which objects are farther away, enabling the rendering of objects in the correct order.

Strand-Based Rendering is a technique used to create realistic hair and fur in game graphics. It involves modeling individual strands of hair or fur and simulating their behavior, such as movement and interaction with light, to achieve a natural and detailed appearance.