Point mutations are the most common type of genetic alteration in cancer. They involve the substitution, insertion, or deletion of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, which can lead to changes in the structure and function of proteins.

Cancer cells exhibit a number of hallmarks, including uncontrolled cell growth, loss of contact inhibition, increased angiogenesis, and evasion of apoptosis.

p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. It can halt the cell cycle in response to DNA damage or other cellular stresses, allowing time for DNA repair or apoptosis.

Oncogenes are genes that have the potential to cause cancer when mutated. They can encode growth factor receptors, transcription factors, signal transduction proteins, and other proteins that are involved in cell growth and proliferation.

Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. It involves a series of steps, including invasion of surrounding tissues, intravasation into blood or lymphatic vessels, circulation through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, extravasation from blood or lymphatic vessels, and colonization of distant sites.

Cancer stem cells are a small population of cells within a tumor that have the ability to self-renew and give rise to new tumor cells. They are thought to be responsible for the initiation, growth, and metastasis of cancer.

Imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib are all tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target the BCR-ABL fusion protein in chronic myeloid leukemia. These drugs have revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, leading to high rates of remission and long-term survival.

Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, and cancer vaccines are all types of immunotherapy that have shown promise in the treatment of various types of cancer.

The BRCA1/BRCA2 test is a genetic test that is used to identify individuals who have inherited mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. These mutations increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs that specifically target molecules that are involved in the growth and survival of cancer cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and PARP inhibitors are all types of targeted therapy that have been used to treat various types of cancer.

RAD51 is a protein that is involved in the repair of DNA damage through homologous recombination. It plays a critical role in maintaining genomic stability and preventing the development of cancer.

Hepatocellular carcinoma, cervical cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma are all types of cancer that can be caused by viral infections. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause hepatocellular carcinoma, human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) can cause Kaposi's sarcoma.

Erlotinib, gefitinib, and afatinib are all tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target the EGFR protein in non-small cell lung cancer. These drugs have been shown to improve survival in patients with EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer.

Mesothelioma, lung cancer, and laryngeal cancer are all types of cancer that have been linked to asbestos exposure. Asbestos is a mineral fiber that can cause inflammation and damage to DNA, leading to the development of cancer.

Rb is a tumor suppressor protein that plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle checkpoint. It can halt the cell cycle in response to DNA damage or other cellular stresses, allowing time for DNA repair or apoptosis.