Cultural services are non-material benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. Provision of food and water is a provisioning service, not a cultural service.

Cultural services contribute to building sustainable communities by providing opportunities for recreation and tourism, enhancing the sense of place and identity, and promoting social cohesion and well-being.

Forests provide a variety of cultural services, including spiritual and religious experiences. Timber production, carbon sequestration, and water purification are all provisioning or regulating services.

Cultural services can be incorporated into urban planning and design by creating green spaces and parks, preserving historic and cultural landmarks, and promoting traditional arts and crafts.

Climate change, pollution, and urbanization are all challenges to the provision of cultural services. Increased demand for resources is a challenge to the provision of provisioning services, not cultural services.

Cultural services can be valued and incorporated into decision-making by using economic valuation techniques, conducting social impact assessments, and engaging with stakeholders and communities.

Wetlands provide a variety of cultural services, including a sense of place and identity. Flood control, water purification, and habitat for wildlife are all regulating or supporting services.

Cultural services can be used to promote sustainable tourism by developing ecotourism initiatives, promoting cultural heritage and traditions, and supporting local businesses and communities.

Mountains provide a variety of cultural services, including spiritual and religious experiences. Mining, timber production, and water storage are all provisioning or regulating services.

Cultural services can be used to promote social cohesion and well-being by creating opportunities for social interaction, promoting cultural diversity and tolerance, and strengthening community bonds.

Oceans provide a variety of cultural services, including recreation and tourism, transportation, and a sense of place and identity. Food production is a provisioning service, not a cultural service.

Cultural services can be used to promote sustainable agriculture by promoting agroforestry and permaculture, supporting local food systems, and educating farmers about the importance of cultural services.

Deserts provide a variety of cultural services, including spiritual and religious experiences. Mining, solar energy production, and water storage are all provisioning or regulating services.

Cultural services can be used to promote climate change adaptation and resilience by using traditional knowledge and practices, promoting the use of local and sustainable materials, and creating green infrastructure.

Grasslands provide a variety of cultural services, including grazing, recreation and tourism, and spiritual and religious experiences. Water storage is a regulating service, not a cultural service.