Cancer cells exhibit a number of hallmarks, including uncontrolled cell growth, loss of contact inhibition, increased angiogenesis, and evasion of apoptosis.

Oncogenes are mutated genes that encode proteins that promote cell growth and proliferation. These proteins can be involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, and DNA repair.

Tumor suppressor genes are genes that encode proteins that suppress cell growth and proliferation. These proteins can be involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, and DNA repair.

Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. This process involves invasion, angiogenesis, intravasation, and extravasation.

Cancer immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer. There are a number of different types of cancer immunotherapy, including checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, and cancer vaccines.

Targeted cancer therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells. The goal of targeted cancer therapy is to kill cancer cells while sparing healthy cells, inhibit the growth of cancer cells, and prevent the spread of cancer cells.

Targeted cancer therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells. There are a number of different types of targeted cancer therapy, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and PARP inhibitors.

Biomarkers are molecules that can be used to identify cancer cells, monitor the response of cancer cells to treatment, and predict the prognosis of cancer patients.

Cancer stem cells are a small population of cells within a tumor that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into other types of cancer cells. There are a number of different types of cancer stem cells, including CD133+ cancer stem cells, CD44+/CD24- cancer stem cells, and ALDH+ cancer stem cells.

The tumor microenvironment is the environment that surrounds a tumor. It consists of a variety of cells, including cancer cells, stromal cells, and immune cells. The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in cancer development and progression by providing nutrients and oxygen to cancer cells, helping cancer cells evade the immune system, and promoting angiogenesis.

Cancer nanotechnology is the use of nanotechnology to diagnose, treat, and prevent cancer. There are a number of different types of cancer nanotechnology, including nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, nanoscale imaging agents, and nanoscale biosensors.

Epigenetics is the study of how heritable changes in gene expression can occur without changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetics plays an important role in cancer development and progression by leading to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes, the activation of oncogenes, and the promotion of angiogenesis.

Cancer genomics is the study of the genome of cancer cells. There are a number of different types of cancer genomics, including whole-genome sequencing, exome sequencing, and RNA sequencing.

Cancer proteomics is the study of the proteins of cancer cells. Cancer proteomics can be used to identify cancer biomarkers, develop new cancer drugs, and monitor the response of cancer cells to treatment.

Cancer metabolomics is the study of the metabolites of cancer cells. There are a number of different types of cancer metabolomics, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.