Ray tracing simulates the physical behavior of light to generate highly realistic images by tracing the path of individual rays of light as they interact with objects in the scene.

A lighting model aims to realistically represent how light interacts with different surfaces and materials in a 3D scene, affecting their appearance and creating a sense of depth and realism.

Ambient lighting provides a uniform level of illumination, directional lighting simulates a distant light source like the sun, point lighting represents a single point light source, and spot lighting is a focused cone of light.

Graphics optimization involves techniques such as LOD, texture streaming, and dynamic resolution scaling to ensure that games run smoothly while maintaining visual fidelity.

Procedural texturing generates textures based on mathematical algorithms, photogrammetry involves capturing real-world objects using photography, hand-painted textures are created by artists, and normal mapping adds detail to surfaces.

Shaders are programs that run on the graphics card to determine how objects in a scene should be rendered, allowing for complex visual effects and realistic materials.

Shadow mapping is a technique that generates shadow maps to determine which areas of a scene are in shadow, allowing for realistic and dynamic shadows.

Anti-aliasing is a technique used to smooth out jagged edges on objects, resulting in a more visually pleasing image.

Refraction simulates the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, reflection simulates the bouncing of light off surfaces, caustics simulate the focusing of light through transparent objects, and wave simulation creates realistic water movement.

Motion blur is a technique used to simulate the blurring of objects in motion, creating a sense of speed and realism.

Sprite-based particles are 2D images used to represent particles, mesh-based particles are 3D models, GPU-accelerated particles are rendered using the graphics card, and physics-based particles are affected by physical forces.

Post-processing effects are applied to the final rendered image to enhance its visual quality, adding effects like bloom, lens flare, and color correction.

Photogrammetry is the process of creating a 3D model from a set of 2D images taken from different angles.

Retopology is the process of creating a new 3D model with a lower polygon count while preserving the original model's shape and details.

Texturing is the process of applying 2D images to the surface of a 3D model to add color, detail, and realism.