Natural vegetation, unlike industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and agricultural activities, is not a significant contributor to air pollution.

Advection, the horizontal transport of air pollutants by wind, is the dominant atmospheric process responsible for their dispersion.

Dispersion models, which simulate the transport and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere, are widely used for short-term air quality forecasting.

Deposition refers to the process by which pollutants are removed from the atmosphere and deposited onto surfaces such as land, water, or vegetation.

Wind speed is a critical meteorological parameter for air quality forecasting as it influences the transport and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere.

The primary goal of air quality forecasting is to provide timely warnings and predictions of air pollution events to enable appropriate actions to protect public health and the environment.

Ozone, a secondary pollutant formed through chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, is the main component of smog.

Transformation refers to the chemical and physical processes that convert pollutants into less harmful substances in the atmosphere.

Chemical transport models, which simulate the transport, dispersion, and chemical reactions of pollutants, are commonly used for long-term air quality forecasting and policy analysis.

Vehicle exhaust is the dominant source of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, particularly in urban areas.

Sulfur dioxide, emitted from power plants and industrial activities, is the primary contributor to acid rain.

Emission refers to the release of pollutants from sources such as vehicles, industries, and power plants into the atmosphere.

Numerical weather prediction models, which simulate atmospheric conditions and pollutant transport, are often used for real-time monitoring and forecasting of air quality.

Industrial processes, such as mining, construction, and manufacturing, are major sources of particulate matter (PM) emissions.

Particulate matter, particularly fine particles, is the primary cause of haze, which reduces visibility and affects air quality.