Habitat fragmentation is primarily caused by human activities such as urbanization, agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development.

Habitat fragmentation typically leads to reduced genetic diversity due to isolation and reduced gene flow between populations.

Isolation-by-distance refers to the genetic differentiation of populations that occurs as a result of limited dispersal and gene flow between them.

Specialist species with low dispersal能力 are more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation because they are less able to move between habitat patches and adapt to changing environmental conditions.

Habitat threshold refers to the minimum amount of habitat required for a population to persist in a fragmented landscape, below which the population is at risk of extinction.

Introducing non-native species is not a recommended strategy for mitigating the negative effects of habitat fragmentation, as it can lead to competition with native species and disruption of ecosystem dynamics.

Edge effect refers to the changes in species composition and abundance that occur at the edges of habitat fragments, where environmental conditions differ from those in the interior of the fragment.

Edge effects typically lead to decreased habitat connectivity, as the edges of habitat fragments are often less suitable for movement and dispersal of species.

Edge adaptation refers to the process by which species adapt to the conditions at the edges of habitat fragments, such as increased predation and competition.

Introducing non-native species is not a recommended strategy for reducing the negative effects of edge effects, as it can lead to competition with native species and disruption of ecosystem dynamics.

Dispersal refers to the movement of individuals between habitat fragments, which is essential for maintaining genetic diversity and preventing population isolation.

Climate conditions are less likely to directly affect dispersal rates in fragmented habitats compared to habitat quality, distance between habitat fragments, and matrix composition.

Genetic drift refers to the process by which the genetic diversity of a population decreases due to random fluctuations in gene frequencies, which is more likely to occur in small and isolated populations.

Reduced genetic diversity in fragmented populations typically leads to decreased population growth rates due to reduced adaptive potential and increased susceptibility to disease and inbreeding depression.

Homogenization refers to the process by which populations in fragmented habitats become increasingly similar to one another due to factors such as gene flow and environmental filtering.