Lighting in game graphics serves multiple purposes, including creating a realistic and immersive environment, making objects visible, and adding depth and dimension to objects.

Directional lighting is often used to simulate the effects of natural light, such as sunlight or moonlight, by casting light in a specific direction.

Ambient lighting is used to provide a uniform level of illumination to a scene, creating a base level of brightness and helping to reduce harsh shadows.

Spot lighting is designed to create focused and concentrated light sources, allowing for precise control over the direction and intensity of light.

Shading in game graphics serves multiple purposes, including creating realistic textures and materials, adding depth and dimension to objects, and simulating the effects of light and shadow.

Gouraud shading is a shading technique that interpolates colors and shades across the surface of a polygon, resulting in smooth and gradual transitions.

Flat shading uses a single color for each polygon, while Gouraud shading interpolates colors across polygons. Flat shading creates sharp edges and distinct boundaries, while Gouraud shading produces smooth and gradual transitions. Flat shading is computationally less expensive than Gouraud shading.

Phong shading is a shading technique that takes into account the direction of the light source and the surface normal to calculate specular highlights, resulting in more realistic and detailed lighting effects.

Normal mapping is a technique used to enhance the realism and quality of lighting and shading by simulating the surface details of an object without increasing the number of polygons.

Parallax mapping is a shading technique that works in conjunction with normal mapping to create the illusion of depth and displacement on a surface, resulting in even more realistic and detailed textures.

Shadow mapping is a technique used to create realistic and accurate shadows by projecting the depth of objects onto a texture map.

Soft shadow mapping is a shadow mapping technique that uses a variety of methods to produce soft and realistic shadows, such as filtering and blending techniques.

Cascaded shadow mapping is a technique that uses multiple shadow maps with different resolutions to improve the quality and accuracy of shadows while reducing the computational cost.

Radiosity is a lighting technique that simulates the effects of global illumination by calculating the transfer of light between surfaces in a scene.

Ambient occlusion is a shading technique that simulates the effects of ambient light being occluded by objects, resulting in more realistic shadows and highlights.