In the United States, the first-past-the-post system is employed for presidential elections. Under this system, the candidate who receives the most votes, even if it is less than 50%, wins the election.

The first-past-the-post system tends to favor a two-party system, as it discourages the emergence of third parties or independent candidates.

Proportional representation systems aim to allocate seats in the elected body in proportion to the votes cast for each party or candidate, ensuring a fairer representation of diverse political views.

In a multi-member district, multiple representatives are elected to represent the same geographical area, allowing for a broader range of political views to be represented.

Ranked-choice voting enables voters to rank candidates in order of preference, ensuring that the most preferred candidate wins, even if they do not receive a majority of first-choice votes.

Ranked-choice voting eliminates the need for runoff elections by allowing voters to express their preferences for multiple candidates, ensuring that the most preferred candidate wins outright.

Switzerland employs the single transferable vote system for electing the Federal Council. This system allows voters to rank candidates in order of preference, and seats are allocated based on the transfer of votes from less-preferred to more-preferred candidates.

The single transferable vote system can be complex and difficult for voters to understand, potentially leading to confusion and errors in the voting process.

Proportional representation systems are designed to ensure that minority groups have a fair chance of being represented in the elected body by allocating seats based on the proportion of votes cast for each party or candidate.

Proportional representation guarantees fair representation of minority groups by allocating seats in the elected body based on the proportion of votes cast for each party or candidate.

Germany utilizes a proportional representation system for electing the Bundestag. This system ensures that the composition of the Bundestag reflects the preferences of the electorate, with seats allocated based on the proportion of votes cast for each party.

Proportional representation can lead to coalition governments, as no single party may gain a majority of seats in the elected body, necessitating the formation of alliances between parties to govern.

Majority voting is designed to ensure that the winning candidate has the support of a majority of voters. Under this system, a candidate must receive more than 50% of the votes to win the election.

Majority voting ensures that the winning candidate has the support of a majority of voters, providing a stronger mandate for the elected official.

France employs a two-round system for electing the President. In the first round, if no candidate receives a majority of votes, the top two candidates proceed to a second round, where the candidate with the most votes wins.