Genetic engineering aims to modify plant genes to enable them to withstand high salt concentrations in the soil, thereby increasing crop yield in saline environments.

Genetic engineering for salt tolerance involves a combination of strategies, including introducing new genes, modifying existing genes, and overexpressing genes related to salt stress response.

Salt-tolerant proteins perform various functions, including water uptake, protection against salt-induced damage, and regulation of ion transport, contributing to overall salt tolerance in plants.

Overexpression of genes like SOS1, NHX1, and AKT1, involved in ion transport and stress response, has been employed to enhance salt tolerance in plants.

Genetic engineering for salt tolerance contributes to sustainable agriculture by enabling crop production in saline soils, reducing irrigation requirements, and potentially reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.

Genetic engineering for salt tolerance faces challenges such as potential environmental impacts, the possibility of increased susceptibility to other stresses, and the high cost and time required for research and development.

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is an international agreement that regulates the transboundary movement of living modified organisms (LMOs), including genetically modified crops.

Transgenesis refers to the process of transferring genes from one organism to another, resulting in the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that recognize and cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, enabling the manipulation and recombination of DNA fragments during genetic engineering.

Promoters are DNA sequences that control the expression of genes by regulating the initiation of transcription. They provide binding sites for transcription factors and other regulatory proteins.

Gene editing techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9, allow for precise modification of DNA at specific locations, enabling targeted changes to genes and their expression.

Transformation is the process of introducing foreign DNA into a host organism, typically through physical or chemical methods, resulting in the integration of the foreign DNA into the host's genome.

Escherichia coli is a commonly used model organism in genetic engineering research due to its rapid growth, ease of manipulation, and well-studied genetic system.

Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material between organisms of different species, enabling the spread of genes across diverse lineages.

DNA sequencing technologies, such as Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS), enable the rapid determination of the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.