Gautama, also known as Akshapada Gautama, is credited with founding the Nyaya school of philosophy.

Nyaya philosophy primarily focuses on epistemology, which is the study of knowledge and its sources.

Perception is considered the primary source of knowledge in Nyaya philosophy.

Nyaya philosophy recognizes four types of perception: direct perception, inference, analogy, and verbal testimony.

Anumana is the term used in Nyaya to describe the process of logical inference.

An inference in Nyaya consists of three components: Paksha (the subject to be proved), Sadhya (the conclusion to be established), and Vyapti (the universal connection between the subject and the conclusion).

Hetvabhasa is the term used in Nyaya to denote a logical fallacy, which is a flaw in reasoning that leads to an invalid conclusion.

Affirming the consequent is a logical fallacy in Nyaya where the truth of the consequent is assumed to imply the truth of the antecedent, which is not necessarily the case.

Vyapti is the term used in Nyaya to describe the universal connection between two things, which is essential for establishing a valid inference.

A valid Vyapti in Nyaya is a universal affirmative proposition that establishes a necessary connection between the subject and the predicate.

Karana is the term used in Nyaya to denote the logical relationship between a cause and its effect.

A valid Karana-Karya relationship in Nyaya is one where the cause necessarily produces the effect.

Dharmin is the term used in Nyaya to denote the logical relationship between a property and its possessor.

A valid Dharmin-Dharma relationship in Nyaya is one where the property necessarily belongs to the possessor.

Sambandha is the term used in Nyaya to denote the logical relationship between two different things.

A valid Sambandha relationship in Nyaya is one where the relationship between the two things is necessary and meaningful.