M. S. Swaminathan studied cytogenetics and radiation genetics in plants.

OCT, XAM and CAM are plasmids seen in Pseudomonas putida as anti-pollutants.

 Cryopreservation or cryoconservation is a process where cells, whole tissues, or any other substances susceptible to damage caused by chemical reactivity or time are preserved by cooling to sub-zero temperatures.

  Colchicine is a toxic chemical that is often used to induce polyploidy in plants. Basically, the colchicine prevents the microtubule formation during cell division, thus the chromosomes do not pull apart like they normally do. The end result is a cell that now has double the number of chromosomes that it would normally have.

The chorion develops around the embryo early in a pregnancy. Later, as a fetus develops from the embryo, the chorion fuses with the amnion.

Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity. The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop.

Hypervariables are useful in cloning.A hypervariable region (HVR) is a location within nuclear DNA or the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA in which base pairs of nucleotides repeat (in the case of nuclear DNA) or have substitutions (in the case of mitochondrial DNA).

 The term "monosomy" is used to describe the absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes.The term "trisomy" is used to describe the presence of an extra chromosome — or three instead of the usual pair.

The "yeast two-hybrid system," uses transcriptional reporters in yeast to indirectly reflect the interaction between two proteins. The term "two-hybrid" derives from the two classes of chimeric, or "hybrid," proteins used in each screen.

 When a piece of RNA that is complementary in sequence is used to stop expression of a specific gene is antisense technology.

Biotechnology helps in industrial production of enzymes, vitamins, vaccines, biofertilisers, etc.

The first human hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology was insulin.

 The correct answer is option 4.

Electroporation is a technique used to add certain substances, such as a piece of DNA, into the host cell.

Shotgun technique is employed in insertion of genomic clones into a vector. 

Useful genes are incorporated into a variety through genetic engineering method of crop improvement by means of plasmids, co-cultivation and microinjection.

A radioisotope used to label proteins differently from nucleic acids is 35S. 

A recent development in detergent enzymes has been the introduction of an alkaline-stable fungal cellulase preparation for use in washing cotton fabrics. 

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based markers have been developed to differentiate different biotypes of gall midge.

  Mendel is known for pea-plant experiments and subsequent theories on genetics. During a seven year period, Mendel experimented with pea plants in the garden owned in his monastery.