Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the nervous system via electrical signals called action potentials.

Dendrites are branched extensions of the neuron that receive signals from other neurons at specialized junctions called synapses.

Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain and is responsible for the majority of excitatory synaptic transmission.

The cerebellum is a brain region located at the back of the skull and is responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and motor learning.

The myelin sheath is a layer of fatty tissue that insulates the axon of some neurons, increasing the speed of electrical signal transmission.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, sleep, and appetite, among other functions.

Synaptic transmission is the process by which neurons communicate with each other by releasing neurotransmitters at synapses.

The thalamus is a brain region that acts as a relay center for sensory information, processing and directing it to the appropriate areas of the brain.

Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells that play a crucial role in clearing waste products from the brain and maintaining its chemical balance.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is associated with reward, motivation, and pleasure, playing a crucial role in reinforcement learning.

Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are generated from neural stem cells, primarily occurring in specific brain regions during development and adulthood.

The hypothalamus is a brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other homeostatic functions.

Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that produce the myelin sheath around neurons in the central nervous system, facilitating faster electrical signal transmission.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in memory, learning, and attention, particularly in the hippocampus and basal forebrain.

Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of synapses to modify their strength over time, including processes like long-term potentiation and long-term depression, which are crucial for learning and memory.