The Mesopotamians, specifically the Sumerians, developed the first known writing system called cuneiform around 3500 BCE.

Early writing systems were primarily used for record-keeping purposes, such as tracking trade transactions, legal agreements, and historical events.

The Egyptians developed hieroglyphics, a writing system that combines logographic, alphabetic, and syllabic elements.

The Egyptians used papyrus, a paper-like material made from the stems of the papyrus plant, as their primary writing surface.

The Chinese developed the oracle bone script, one of the earliest forms of Chinese writing, on animal bones and turtle shells used for divination.

The oracle bone script was primarily used for religious rituals, particularly divination and communication with the divine.

The Mayans developed their own writing system, known as the Mayan script, which was used for recording historical events, religious rituals, and astronomical observations.

In ancient Mesoamerica, animal skins, particularly deer skin, were commonly used as a writing surface.

The Indus Valley civilization developed its own writing system, known as the Indus Valley script, which remains largely undeciphered.

The Indus Valley script was primarily used for record-keeping purposes, such as tracking trade transactions and administrative matters.

The Incas developed the quipu, a system of knotted strings used for recording numerical information and conveying messages.

The quipu was primarily used for record-keeping purposes, such as tracking agricultural production, tax collection, and military supplies.

Native American tribes developed wampum belts, made of strung beads, as a means of communication and record-keeping.

Wampum belts were primarily used for communication, including treaty negotiations, alliance agreements, and historical storytelling.

Various African tribes developed talking drums, a type of drum used for long-distance communication by transmitting coded messages through rhythmic patterns.

Talking drums were primarily used for communication, particularly over long distances, to convey messages, warnings, and news.