Mining is the process of extracting valuable minerals or metals from the earth by digging, drilling, or blasting.

Surface mining involves extracting minerals or metals from the earth's surface without digging deep underground.

Overburden removal refers to the process of removing unwanted materials, such as rock or soil, from a mine site to expose the underlying mineral deposit.

Open-pit mining involves digging a large, open pit in the earth to extract minerals or metals that are located close to the surface.

Beneficiation is the process of separating valuable minerals or metals from the surrounding rock or ore through various methods such as crushing, grinding, and flotation.

Underground mining involves extracting minerals or metals from deep underground through tunnels, shafts, and other underground workings.

Smelting is the process of extracting metals from their ores through heating and chemical reactions to separate the metal from impurities.

Strip mining involves removing a thin layer of soil and rock to expose and extract minerals or metals near the surface, often used for coal mining.

Refining is the process of removing impurities and further purifying metals after smelting to obtain a higher-quality metal product.

Hydraulic mining involves using water jets or high-pressure streams of water to break down and extract minerals or metals from the earth.

Tailings are the waste materials produced during mining operations, consisting of finely ground rock and minerals that have been processed to extract valuable materials.

Placer mining involves extracting minerals or metals from riverbeds or streambeds where valuable minerals have been deposited by water currents.

Prospecting is the process of exploring and evaluating potential mineral deposits before mining, often involving geological surveys, sampling, and analysis.

Blasting involves using explosives to break down the rock in underground mining operations to create tunnels, shafts, and access to mineral deposits.

Reclamation is the process of restoring the land after mining operations have been completed, involving measures such as reforestation, soil replacement, and erosion control.