Mineral Economics is the study of the economic aspects of mineral resources, including exploration, extraction, processing, and marketing.

Political stability is not a direct factor that affects the value of a mineral deposit, although it can have an indirect impact by affecting the cost of mining and processing.

Mining is the process of extracting minerals from the earth, typically through the use of heavy machinery.

Hydraulic mining is not a type of mining method, but rather a method of extracting gold from placer deposits using high-pressure water jets.

Processing is the process of separating minerals from waste rock, typically through the use of physical and chemical methods.

Smelting is not a type of mineral processing method, but rather a method of extracting metals from ores by heating them to a high temperature.

Marketing is the process of selling minerals to end-users, typically through the use of advertising and sales.

Government policies can affect the demand for minerals, but they are not a direct factor that drives demand.

The producer price is the price of a mineral at the mine site, before it is transported to market.

The options market is not a type of mineral market, but rather a type of financial market where options contracts are traded.

Geological risk is the risk associated with the uncertainty of the quantity and quality of mineral resources.

Modeling is not a method of reducing geological risk, but rather a tool that can be used to assess geological risk.

A feasibility study is a detailed evaluation of the economic viability of a mineral project, taking into account all relevant factors.

Taxes are not a direct factor that affects the economic viability of a mineral project, although they can have an indirect impact by affecting the profitability of the project.

Mine closure is the process of closing a mine and reclaiming the land, typically through the use of engineering and environmental techniques.