The wavelength of light determines its color. Shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies and appear as colors like blue and violet, while longer wavelengths correspond to lower frequencies and appear as colors like red and orange.

A convex lens converges light rays to a point called the focal point. This property is used in various optical applications such as focusing light in telescopes and cameras.

The thin lens equation, 1/f = 1/u + 1/v, relates the focal length (f) of a lens to the object distance (u) and image distance (v).

Mirrors are used to change the direction of light rays by reflecting them. They are commonly used in optical systems to redirect light or create images.

An aperture is used to control the depth of field in an optical system. By adjusting the size of the aperture, the range of distances that appear in focus can be controlled.

Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another with different optical densities. This phenomenon is responsible for the bending of light rays at the interface between air and glass or water.

Diffraction is the spreading out of light as it passes through an aperture or around an obstacle. It is a fundamental property of light that affects the resolution and image quality in optical systems.

A prism is used to separate light into its component colors through the process of dispersion. When light passes through a prism, it is refracted at different angles depending on its wavelength, resulting in the separation of colors.

Convergence is the ability of a lens to focus light rays at a single point. This property is determined by the focal length of the lens and is crucial for forming images in optical systems.

Interference is the phenomenon where light waves interact with each other, resulting in alternating areas of brightness and darkness. This occurs when two or more light waves overlap and their amplitudes add or cancel each other.

The critical angle is the minimum angle at which a light ray can be refracted at an interface between two media. When light strikes the interface at an angle greater than the critical angle, it undergoes total internal reflection.

An aperture is a device used to control the amount of light passing through an optical system. It is typically a circular opening that can be adjusted to vary the size of the beam of light.

Resolution is the ability of an optical system to distinguish between fine details in an image. It is determined by the optical quality of the components and the design of the system.

Polarization is the phenomenon where light waves oscillate in a specific direction. When light is reflected from a surface, its polarization can change depending on the angle of incidence and the material properties of the surface.