Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted by human activities, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels.

The main objective of carbon markets is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by creating a financial incentive for entities to reduce their emissions or invest in emission-reduction projects.

The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, established a global carbon market mechanism known as the Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM) to facilitate the transfer of emission reduction units between countries.

Cap-and-trade systems are the most common type of carbon market instrument. They involve setting a cap on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by a group of entities and allowing them to trade emission permits among themselves.

The main difference between a carbon tax and a cap-and-trade system is that a carbon tax sets a price on carbon emissions, while a cap-and-trade system sets a quantity of emissions that can be emitted.

Implementing carbon markets involves several challenges, including setting an appropriate carbon price, ensuring environmental integrity, addressing equity and distributional impacts, and overcoming political resistance.

Carbon markets have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote innovation in clean technologies, enhance energy security, and create new economic opportunities.

Offsets allow entities to compensate for their emissions by investing in emission-reduction projects, such as renewable energy or energy efficiency projects, in other parts of the world.

Carbon markets have been criticized for their effectiveness in reducing emissions, their complexity and expense, their potential to benefit large corporations at the expense of small businesses and individuals, and their susceptibility to greenwashing and fraud.

Carbon markets are expected to become increasingly important in the fight against climate change as countries and businesses seek to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.

Sweden was the first country to implement a national carbon tax in 1991.

The European Union's Emissions Trading System (ETS) is a cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gas emissions that covers power plants, industrial facilities, and aviation.

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol is a carbon offset mechanism that allows developed countries to invest in emission-reduction projects in developing countries.

Carbon pricing plays a crucial role in achieving net-zero emissions by providing a financial incentive for businesses and individuals to reduce their emissions, leveling the playing field between fossil fuels and renewable energy, and encouraging investment in carbon capture and storage technologies.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the international organization responsible for overseeing the implementation of the Paris Agreement.