Water is a renewable resource and not considered a mineral resource, unlike gold, coal, and copper, which are finite and extracted from the Earth's crust.

Magmatism, the process of magma cooling and solidifying, is the primary mechanism for the formation of metallic mineral deposits. Magma contains valuable metals that crystallize and concentrate as the magma cools.

Chile is the world's largest producer of copper, accounting for approximately 27% of the global output. The country's copper mining industry is renowned for its high-quality deposits and efficient production methods.

Mining is the process of extracting valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body. It involves various techniques, including open-pit mining, underground mining, and placer mining.

Chromium is a key component in the production of stainless steel, providing corrosion resistance and strength to the alloy. It is added to steel in the form of ferrochromium, an alloy of iron and chromium.

A mineral deposit is a natural concentration of valuable minerals in the Earth's crust that is economically viable to extract. It is formed through geological processes such as magmatism, hydrothermal activity, and weathering.

Bauxite is the primary ore of aluminum. It is a sedimentary rock composed of aluminum oxides and hydroxides. The aluminum in bauxite is extracted through a process called the Bayer process, which involves dissolving the ore in a caustic soda solution.

Limestone is the primary raw material used in the production of cement. It is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate. When heated to high temperatures, limestone undergoes a chemical reaction called calcination, which releases carbon dioxide and produces calcium oxide, a key component of cement.

Leaching is a process used to extract valuable minerals from their ores by dissolving them in a liquid solvent. The solvent, which is typically a chemical solution, selectively dissolves the desired minerals, leaving behind the waste material.

Quartz is the primary raw material used in the production of glass. It is a mineral composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and is found in various forms, including sand, sandstone, and quartzite. Silica is a key component of glass, providing strength, clarity, and heat resistance.

Refining is the process of removing impurities from a mineral concentrate to produce a pure metal. It involves various techniques, such as smelting, electrolysis, and chemical processes, to separate the desired metal from the waste materials.

Calcium phosphate is a key component in the production of fertilizers. It is found in minerals such as apatite and is essential for plant growth and development. Calcium phosphate provides phosphorus, a vital nutrient for plant growth, and helps improve soil structure and fertility.

Prospecting is the process of searching for mineral deposits. It involves various techniques, such as geological mapping, geochemical sampling, and geophysical surveys, to identify areas with potential mineral resources. Prospecting helps geologists and mining companies locate and evaluate mineral deposits before mining operations can begin.

Lithium is a key component in the production of batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. Lithium is a lightweight metal that enables batteries to store and release large amounts of energy. It is extracted from minerals such as spodumene and petalite.

Smelting is the process of extracting valuable minerals from their ores using heat. It involves heating the ore to a high temperature in the presence of a reducing agent, such as carbon, to separate the metal from the waste materials. Smelting is commonly used to extract metals such as iron, copper, and aluminum from their ores.