Biodiversity is a supporting service, not a provisioning service.

Climate change, land use change, and pollution are all major drivers of the vulnerability of provisioning services to environmental changes.

All provisioning services are vulnerable to climate change, but food, water, and fiber are particularly vulnerable.

Food production is particularly vulnerable to land use change, as it requires large amounts of land.

Water quality is particularly vulnerable to pollution, as it can be easily contaminated by pollutants.

The vulnerability of provisioning services to environmental changes can have a number of negative consequences, including food shortages, water scarcity, and loss of livelihoods.

There are a number of ways to reduce the vulnerability of provisioning services to environmental changes, including climate change mitigation, land use planning, and pollution prevention.

Ecosystem-based adaptation can help to reduce the vulnerability of provisioning services to environmental changes by maintaining and restoring ecosystem services, providing a natural buffer against environmental changes, and helping to build resilience in communities.

There are a number of challenges to reducing the vulnerability of provisioning services to environmental changes, including the complexity of environmental systems, the lack of political will, and the limited financial resources.

Assessing the vulnerability of provisioning services to environmental changes is important because it helps to identify the most vulnerable services, prioritize adaptation and mitigation measures, and inform policy and decision-making.

Food production is an example of a provisioning service, as it provides food for human consumption.

Economic growth is not a factor that can affect the vulnerability of provisioning services to environmental changes.

All of the above are examples of adaptation measures that can reduce the vulnerability of provisioning services to environmental changes.

All of the above are examples of mitigation measures that can reduce the vulnerability of provisioning services to environmental changes.

Stakeholders can play a valuable role in assessing the vulnerability of provisioning services to environmental changes by providing local knowledge and insights, helping to identify the most vulnerable services, and helping to prioritize adaptation and mitigation measures.