Deviant behavior is primarily defined by its violation of social norms and the negative reactions it elicits from society, not by biological factors.

Labeling theory posits that deviance is not inherent in an act itself but rather is a consequence of societal labeling and reactions.

Conflict theory argues that deviance and crime are rooted in social inequality and power imbalances, with the powerful defining what is considered deviant or criminal.

Strain theory posits that deviance arises when individuals are unable to achieve socially desirable goals through legitimate means due to structural inequalities.

Differential association theory proposes that deviance is learned through social interactions, with individuals adopting deviant behaviors from those they associate with.

Social control theory emphasizes the role of formal (e.g., legal punishments) and informal (e.g., social disapproval) sanctions in deterring deviance and crime.

Rational choice theory posits that individuals engage in deviant or criminal behavior when they perceive the potential benefits to outweigh the potential costs.

Routine activities theory proposes that victimization occurs when motivated offenders encounter suitable targets in the absence of capable guardians.

Social disorganization theory argues that high crime rates are associated with neighborhoods characterized by weak social ties, high levels of poverty, and residential instability.

Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the subjective meanings and interpretations that individuals attach to their actions and the social interactions that shape their behavior.

Robbery is a crime against a person, involving the use of force or threat of force to steal property, while burglary, larceny, and vandalism are crimes against property.

Critical criminology examines the role of power, inequality, and social control in shaping criminal justice systems and the ways in which these systems perpetuate social injustice.

Larceny is a crime against property, involving the theft of personal property, while assault, battery, and homicide are crimes against a person.

Feminist criminology examines the role of gender inequality and patriarchy in shaping crime and criminal justice systems, highlighting the unique experiences and challenges faced by women in these contexts.

Shoplifting is a property crime, while embezzlement, insider trading, and tax evasion are examples of white-collar crimes, which typically involve nonviolent, financially motivated offenses committed by individuals in positions of trust.