Deforestation is primarily associated with rural areas and contributes to air pollution indirectly through land-use changes and the release of greenhouse gases.

Particulate matter, especially fine particles (PM2.5), can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause inflammation and irritation, leading to an increased risk of respiratory infections.

Water vapor is a natural component of the atmosphere and does not contribute to global warming or air pollution in the same way as greenhouse gases like CO₂, CH₄, and NO_x.

Air quality management encompasses a range of strategies and measures aimed at reducing air pollution and improving air quality, including emission control, monitoring, and policy development.

While climate action is crucial for sustainable development, it is not specifically related to air quality. SDG 3, SDG 7, and SDG 11 all have targets and indicators related to air quality and sustainable development.

The Clean Air Act is a comprehensive law in the United States that aims to regulate air pollution and improve air quality by setting standards for various pollutants and implementing emission control programs.

While expanding green spaces can have environmental benefits, it is not a direct strategy for reducing air pollution in urban areas. The other options, such as promoting public transportation and imposing vehicle emission standards, are more directly related to air quality management.

The photovoltaic effect is the process by which certain materials, such as silicon in PV cells, generate an electrical current when exposed to sunlight.

Natural gas is a fossil fuel and is not considered a renewable energy source. It contributes to air pollution when burned, releasing pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide.

Renewable energy transition refers to the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.

SDG 15 focuses on protecting, restoring, and promoting sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, but it is not directly related to energy and climate change. SDG 7 and SDG 13 are specifically focused on these issues.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a product or service by considering all stages of its life cycle, from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal.

Urban sprawl refers to the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural areas. It is not a sustainable development strategy as it can lead to increased pollution, traffic congestion, and loss of natural habitats.

Sustainable urban development refers to the process of planning and managing urban areas in a way that promotes economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability.

Economic growth maximization is not a key principle of sustainable development. Sustainable development emphasizes the need to balance economic growth with social equity and environmental protection.