Cryptography is primarily used in blockchain technology to ensure the integrity of data by securing transactions and preventing unauthorized access or modification.

SHA-256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256) is a widely used cryptographic hash function that is employed to secure data in blockchain transactions. It generates a unique and fixed-size hash value from input data, making it suitable for ensuring data integrity and authenticity.

Consensus is the process by which nodes in a blockchain network agree on the validity of transactions and the current state of the blockchain. It involves various consensus algorithms, such as Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS), to achieve distributed agreement among network participants.

Public keys are used to encrypt data in a blockchain transaction. The corresponding private key is used to decrypt the data. This asymmetric key cryptography ensures that only the intended recipient, who possesses the private key, can access the encrypted data.

A 51% attack is a security risk in blockchain networks where an attacker gains control over a majority of the network's computing power. This allows the attacker to manipulate transactions, reverse transactions, and potentially compromise the integrity of the blockchain.

Hashing is a cryptographic technique used to create a unique and fixed-size hash value from input data. This hash value is often used to verify the integrity of data in blockchain transactions and to identify blocks in the blockchain.

Mining is the process of adding new blocks to the blockchain. Miners use specialized computers to solve complex mathematical problems to validate transactions and create new blocks. The successful miner is rewarded with cryptocurrency for their efforts.

RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is a widely used cryptographic algorithm for creating digital signatures in blockchain transactions. It involves a pair of keys, a public key, and a private key, to digitally sign and verify the authenticity of transactions.

A digital signature in blockchain transactions serves to verify the identity of the sender. It allows other participants in the network to confirm that the transaction originated from the legitimate owner of the associated private key.

Proof of Work (PoW) is the primary consensus algorithm used in the Bitcoin blockchain network. It requires miners to solve complex mathematical problems to validate transactions and add new blocks to the blockchain.

Validation is the process of verifying the validity of transactions in a blockchain network. It involves checking whether the transactions are properly signed, have sufficient funds, and adhere to the rules of the blockchain protocol.

A private key is used to decrypt data encrypted with a public key. The private key is kept secret by the owner and is used to access and control the associated cryptocurrency or digital assets.

A blockchain explorer is a tool that allows users to search and view blockchain data, such as transaction history, block information, and wallet addresses. It provides a user-friendly interface to explore and analyze blockchain activity.

Keccak-256 is a cryptographic hash function commonly used for securing data in Ethereum smart contracts. It is known for its high security and resistance to collision attacks, making it suitable for protecting sensitive information on the blockchain.

Sharding is the process of splitting a large blockchain into smaller, more manageable parts. It involves dividing the blockchain into multiple shards, each containing a subset of the data. This technique is used to improve scalability and transaction throughput in blockchain networks.