Empedocles was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who proposed that all matter is composed of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water. He believed that these elements could combine in different proportions to create different substances.

Democritus was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who proposed that the universe is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. He believed that these atoms are in constant motion and that their interactions with each other give rise to the world we see around us.

Heraclitus was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who argued that the universe is in a state of constant flux and that everything is in a process of becoming. He believed that the only constant in the universe is change.

Parmenides was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who proposed that the universe is governed by a single, unchanging principle. He believed that this principle is the One, which is perfect, eternal, and unchanging.

Anaxagoras was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who argued that the universe is made up of an infinite number of seeds, which are the basic building blocks of all matter. He believed that these seeds are mixed together in different proportions to create different substances.

Anaximander was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who proposed that the universe is made up of a single, infinite substance. He believed that this substance is the apeiron, which is boundless and unlimited.

Empedocles was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who argued that the universe is made up of two opposing forces, love and strife. He believed that these forces interact with each other to create the world we see around us.

Thales was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who proposed that the universe is made up of a single, divine substance. He believed that this substance is water.

Anaxagoras was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who argued that the universe is made up of an infinite number of worlds. He believed that these worlds are all made up of the same basic materials and that they are all governed by the same laws.

Anaximander was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who proposed that the universe is made up of a single, infinite void. He believed that this void is the source of all matter and that it is constantly expanding.

Democritus was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who argued that the universe is made up of an infinite number of atoms and a void. He believed that these atoms are in constant motion and that their interactions with each other give rise to the world we see around us.

Pythagoras was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who proposed that the universe is made up of a single, infinite substance that is both material and spiritual. He believed that this substance is the monad, which is the basic building block of all matter and spirit.

Anaxagoras was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who argued that the universe is made up of an infinite number of worlds, each of which is surrounded by a void. He believed that these worlds are all made up of the same basic materials and that they are all governed by the same laws.

Heraclitus was a Pre-Socratic philosopher who proposed that the universe is made up of a single, infinite substance that is constantly changing. He believed that the only constant in the universe is change.