The Battle of Marathon is often debated due to the conflicting accounts of the battle's outcome and the lack of reliable historical records. Some sources claim a decisive Athenian victory, while others suggest a more ambiguous result.

The primary source of controversy surrounding the Battle of Cannae is the number of Roman casualties. Ancient sources provide conflicting accounts, with some claiming as many as 80,000 Roman soldiers killed, while others suggest a lower number.

The Battle of Thermopylae is known for its use of a phalanx formation by the Spartan and Thespian forces. The phalanx was a dense formation of infantrymen armed with spears, shields, and helmets.

The primary reason for the Roman defeat at the Battle of Alesia was the superior Gallic cavalry. The Gallic cavalry was able to outmaneuver and outfight the Roman cavalry, disrupting Roman supply lines and communications.

The Battle of Zama is often debated due to the role of elephants in the conflict. Hannibal's use of war elephants against the Roman army is a significant point of discussion, with some historians arguing that the elephants played a crucial role in the battle's outcome.

The primary reason for the Greek victory at the Battle of Salamis was the superior Greek naval tactics. The Greeks used their triremes, which were faster and more maneuverable than the Persian ships, to great effect, outmaneuvering and outfighting the Persian navy.

The Battle of Cannae is known for its use of a double envelopment maneuver by Hannibal. Hannibal's forces encircled the Roman army, trapping them in a pocket and inflicting heavy casualties.

The primary reason for the Roman victory at the Battle of Pydna was the superior Roman infantry. The Roman legionaries were better trained, disciplined, and equipped than the Macedonian phalanx, and they were able to defeat the Macedonian army in close combat.

The Battle of Carthage is known for its use of a scorched earth policy by the Romans. The Romans systematically destroyed the city of Carthage, burning it to the ground and leaving it in ruins.

The primary reason for the Roman defeat at the Battle of Carrhae was the superior Parthian cavalry. The Parthian cavalry was able to outmaneuver and outfight the Roman cavalry, disrupting Roman supply lines and communications.

The Battle of Teutoburg Forest is often debated due to the role of weather conditions in the conflict. The heavy rain and snowstorms during the battle are believed to have played a significant role in the Roman defeat.

The primary reason for the Greek victory at the Battle of Plataea was the superior Greek infantry. The Greek hoplites were better trained, disciplined, and equipped than the Persian infantry, and they were able to defeat the Persian army in close combat.

The Battle of Marathon is known for its use of a surprise attack by the Athenians. The Athenians launched a surprise attack on the Persian army, catching them off guard and inflicting heavy casualties.

The primary reason for the Roman victory at the Battle of Actium was the superior Roman naval tactics. The Romans used their superior maneuverability and tactics to outmaneuver and outfight the Antony's fleet, securing a decisive victory.

The Battle of Alesia is often debated due to the role of treachery in the conflict. Some historians believe that treachery within the Gallic ranks played a role in the Roman victory.