Plato's theory of forms, also known as the theory of ideas, posits that the physical world we perceive is merely a reflection of a higher, more perfect realm of abstract forms.

Moksha, or liberation, is the central goal in Hinduism, representing freedom from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, and the attainment of ultimate spiritual fulfillment.

Empiricism, championed by philosophers like John Locke and David Hume, asserts that knowledge is derived solely through sensory experience and observation.

The doctrine of divine incarnation in Christianity holds that Jesus Christ is both fully human and fully divine, embodying the union of God and humanity.

Utilitarianism, associated with philosophers like John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, proposes that the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

Anatta is the Buddhist teaching of non-self, emphasizing that there is no permanent, unchanging self or soul, and that personal identity is an illusion.

Existentialism, popularized by philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, explores the human condition, focusing on themes of freedom, choice, and the search for meaning in an often absurd world.

The Qur'an is the central religious text in Islam, considered by Muslims to be the literal word of God revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel.

Deontology, most notably associated with Immanuel Kant, emphasizes the importance of following moral rules and principles, regardless of the consequences or outcomes of one's actions.

Dharma in Hinduism refers to the concept of moral duty, righteousness, and ethical conduct, guiding individuals in their actions and responsibilities within society.

Phenomenology, associated with philosophers like Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, emphasizes the study of consciousness and the subjective experience of reality.

The Tanakh, also known as the Hebrew Bible, is the central religious text in Judaism, consisting of the Torah (the first five books), the Prophets, and the Writings.

Virtue ethics, championed by philosophers like Aristotle and Confucius, emphasizes the importance of developing and practicing virtues as the foundation of moral character and ethical conduct.

The Guru Granth Sahib is the central religious text in Sikhism, considered by Sikhs to be the living Guru, containing the teachings and hymns of the Sikh Gurus.

Postmodernism, associated with philosophers like Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida, emphasizes the critique of traditional notions of truth, reality, and knowledge, and the role of language and power structures in shaping our understanding of the world.