Data security is not a direct challenge in data integration. It is more of a concern during data storage and processing.

Data heterogeneity is caused by a combination of different data formats, data sources, and data types.

Data federation provides a unified view of data from multiple sources without physically moving the data.

ETL involves extracting, transforming, and loading data into a target system, which can introduce significant latency.

Missing values, inconsistent data formats, and duplicate data are all common data quality issues that can make data integration challenging.

Data profiling helps identify data inconsistencies, understand data distribution, and detect data errors, all of which are important for successful data integration.

Data warehousing involves physically moving data from multiple sources into a central repository for analysis and reporting.

Data virtualization provides real-time access to data from multiple sources without the need to physically move or copy the data.

Microsoft Excel is not a dedicated data integration tool. It is a spreadsheet software primarily used for data analysis and visualization.

Integrating data from social media platforms poses challenges related to data volume, data heterogeneity, and data privacy.

Data virtualization creates a logical layer on top of multiple data sources to provide a unified view of data without physically moving the data.

Data federation can introduce performance issues due to the overhead of accessing data from multiple sources.

Spaghetti schema is not a common data integration pattern. It refers to a poorly designed data model with tangled relationships between tables.

Integrating data from IoT devices poses challenges related to data volume, data heterogeneity, and data security.

Spaghetti architecture is not a common data integration architecture. It refers to a poorly designed architecture with tangled data flows and dependencies.