The study of the relationship between language and reality

The analysis of the structure of arguments

The investigation of the nature of truth and knowledge

The exploration of the limits of human reason

Gottlob Frege

Bertrand Russell

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Alfred Tarski

Deductive arguments are based on evidence, while inductive arguments are based on principles.

Deductive arguments are always valid, while inductive arguments are sometimes valid.

Deductive arguments are concerned with the relationship between premises and conclusions, while inductive arguments are concerned with the relationship between evidence and hypotheses.

Deductive arguments are used to prove a claim, while inductive arguments are used to support a claim.

It is impossible for a proposition to be both true and false at the same time and in the same respect.

It is impossible for a proposition to be true and false at different times.

It is impossible for a proposition to be true and false in different respects.

It is impossible for a proposition to be true and false in different contexts.

A necessary truth is true in all possible worlds, while a contingent truth is true in some possible worlds but not others.

A necessary truth is true in all actual worlds, while a contingent truth is true in some actual worlds but not others.

A necessary truth is true in all possible and actual worlds, while a contingent truth is true in some possible and actual worlds but not others.

A necessary truth is true in all possible and actual worlds, while a contingent truth is true in some possible and actual worlds and false in others.

A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, while a sound argument is one in which the premises are true.

A valid argument is one in which the premises are true, while a sound argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises.

A valid argument is one in which the premises and conclusion are both true, while a sound argument is one in which the premises are true and the conclusion follows logically from the premises.

A valid argument is one in which the premises and conclusion are both false, while a sound argument is one in which the premises are false and the conclusion follows logically from the premises.

A categorical proposition makes a claim about a particular subject or class of subjects, while a hypothetical proposition makes a claim about a relationship between two or more propositions.

A categorical proposition makes a claim about a particular subject or class of subjects, while a hypothetical proposition makes a claim about a relationship between two or more subjects.

A categorical proposition makes a claim about a particular subject or class of subjects, while a hypothetical proposition makes a claim about a relationship between two or more propositions or subjects.

A categorical proposition makes a claim about a particular subject or class of subjects, while a hypothetical proposition makes a claim about a relationship between two or more propositions or subjects or classes of subjects.

A deductive fallacy is an argument in which the conclusion does not follow logically from the premises, while an inductive fallacy is an argument in which the evidence does not support the conclusion.

A deductive fallacy is an argument in which the premises are false, while an inductive fallacy is an argument in which the conclusion is false.

A deductive fallacy is an argument in which the premises and conclusion are both false, while an inductive fallacy is an argument in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false.

A deductive fallacy is an argument in which the premises and conclusion are both true, while an inductive fallacy is an argument in which the premises are false and the conclusion is true.

A monadic predicate is a predicate that takes one argument, while a polyadic predicate takes two or more arguments.

A monadic predicate is a predicate that takes two or more arguments, while a polyadic predicate takes one argument.

A monadic predicate is a predicate that takes a subject as its argument, while a polyadic predicate takes an object as its argument.

A monadic predicate is a predicate that takes a verb as its argument, while a polyadic predicate takes a noun as its argument.

A singular term refers to a particular object, while a general term refers to a class of objects.

A singular term refers to a class of objects, while a general term refers to a particular object.

A singular term refers to a property, while a general term refers to an object.

A singular term refers to an object, while a general term refers to a property.

In an extensional context, the meaning of a term is determined by its referent, while in an intensional context, the meaning of a term is determined by its sense.

In an extensional context, the meaning of a term is determined by its sense, while in an intensional context, the meaning of a term is determined by its referent.

In an extensional context, the meaning of a term is determined by its use, while in an intensional context, the meaning of a term is determined by its definition.

In an extensional context, the meaning of a term is determined by its definition, while in an intensional context, the meaning of a term is determined by its use.

A necessary condition is a condition that must be met in order for something to occur, while a sufficient condition is a condition that is enough to ensure that something occurs.

A necessary condition is a condition that is enough to ensure that something occurs, while a sufficient condition is a condition that must be met in order for something to occur.

A necessary condition is a condition that is both necessary and sufficient for something to occur, while a sufficient condition is a condition that is neither necessary nor sufficient for something to occur.

A necessary condition is a condition that is neither necessary nor sufficient for something to occur, while a sufficient condition is a condition that is both necessary and sufficient for something to occur.

A causal relation is a relation between two events where one event causes the other event, while a logical relation is a relation between two propositions where one proposition implies the other proposition.

A causal relation is a relation between two propositions where one proposition implies the other proposition, while a logical relation is a relation between two events where one event causes the other event.

A causal relation is a relation between two events where one event is the cause of the other event, while a logical relation is a relation between two propositions where one proposition is the logical consequence of the other proposition.

A causal relation is a relation between two propositions where one proposition is the logical consequence of the other proposition, while a logical relation is a relation between two events where one event is the cause of the other event.

A deductive argument is an argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, while an inductive argument is an argument in which the premises support the conclusion.

A deductive argument is an argument in which the premises support the conclusion, while an inductive argument is an argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises.

A deductive argument is an argument in which the premises and conclusion are both true, while an inductive argument is an argument in which the premises are true and the conclusion is supported by the premises.

A deductive argument is an argument in which the premises are true and the conclusion is supported by the premises, while an inductive argument is an argument in which the premises and conclusion are both true.