Financial institutions play a crucial role in international trade by providing financing for trade transactions. This includes providing loans to exporters and importers, issuing letters of credit, and arranging for the transfer of funds between countries.

Credit cards are not typically used in international trade due to the high fees and exchange rate risks involved. The other options, letters of credit, bills of exchange, and open accounts, are all common financial instruments used in international trade.

A letter of credit is a document issued by a bank that guarantees payment to the exporter upon presentation of the required documents. This provides a level of security to the exporter and helps to mitigate the risk of non-payment.

International trade involves a number of risks, including currency risk, political risk, and commercial risk. Currency risk refers to the risk of losses due to fluctuations in exchange rates. Political risk refers to the risk of losses due to political instability or changes in government policy. Commercial risk refers to the risk of losses due to factors such as the inability of the importer to pay or the failure of the exporter to deliver the goods as agreed.

Financial institutions can help to manage the risks associated with international trade by providing a range of services, including trade credit insurance, foreign exchange hedging products, and conducting due diligence on potential trading partners. These services can help to mitigate the risks of non-payment, currency fluctuations, and political instability.

Financial institutions can help to reduce transaction costs, increase access to financing, and improve risk management in international trade. Slower processing times are not a benefit of using financial institutions in international trade.

The IMF plays a crucial role in international trade by providing financial assistance to countries experiencing balance of payments problems, promoting international monetary cooperation, and facilitating the exchange of currencies.

The World Bank does not regulate international trade. Its primary functions are to provide loans to developing countries for infrastructure projects, promote economic growth and development, and provide technical assistance to developing countries.

The WTO plays a vital role in international trade by setting rules for international trade, resolving trade disputes, and promoting free trade.

Protectionism is not a principle of the WTO. The WTO promotes free trade and non-discrimination.

Tariffs are the most common type of trade barrier. They are taxes imposed on imported goods.

Quotas are used to restrict the quantity of a particular good that can be imported, increase the price of a particular good, and protect domestic industries.

An embargo is a complete ban on trade with a particular country.

Subsidies are used to reduce the cost of production for domestic industries, increase the price of a particular good, and protect domestic industries.

Trade barriers can reduce the volume of trade, increase the price of goods, and harm consumers and producers.