Meghnad Saha is widely regarded as the father of modern Indian astronomy due to his significant contributions to the field, including his work on stellar atmospheres and the Saha ionization equation.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar proposed the theory of neutrino oscillations in 1957, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in 1969 with the vision of advancing space technology and promoting the exploration and utilization of space for national development.

Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, was the first Indian satellite to be successfully placed into orbit around the Moon.

ASTROSAT, also known as India's first space observatory, was launched in 2015 and is designed to study celestial objects in X-ray, ultraviolet, and optical wavelengths.

C. V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his discovery of the Raman effect, which involves the inelastic scattering of light by molecules.

Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, was India's first lunar mission and marked a significant milestone in the country's space exploration program.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar made significant contributions to the study of black holes and gravitational waves, earning him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983.

Mangalyaan, also known as the Mars Orbiter Mission, was India's first interplanetary mission and successfully reached Mars' orbit in 2014.

Govind Swarup is a renowned Indian radio astronomer who made significant contributions to the field, including the establishment of the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) in India.

INSAT-1, launched in 1982, was India's first geostationary communication satellite and played a crucial role in providing telecommunication services across the country.

Homi J. Bhabha made significant contributions to the study of cosmic rays and is known for his work on the Bhabha scattering process.

Aryabhata, launched in 1975, was India's first satellite to be successfully placed into orbit using an Indian-made rocket, marking a significant milestone in the country's space program.

Harish-Chandra made significant contributions to the theory of general relativity and is known for his work on the representation theory of Lie groups.