Research suggests that personal experiences with discrimination, political ideology, and socioeconomic status can all influence voter behavior based on race and ethnicity.

African Americans have historically had the lowest voter turnout among racial or ethnic groups in the United States.

Racial polarization, ethnic solidarity, and in-group bias are all terms used to describe the phenomenon where voters tend to support candidates of their own race or ethnicity.

Voter ID laws have been shown to disproportionately disenfranchise racial and ethnic minorities, making them less likely to vote.

Gerrymandering is the practice of drawing electoral district boundaries in a way that favors one political party or group over another.

Discrimination at polling places, lack of access to transportation, and lower levels of political knowledge have all been found to be factors in the racial gap in voter turnout.

Racial affinity, ethnic solidarity, and in-group bias are all terms used to describe the phenomenon where voters are more likely to support candidates who share their racial or ethnic identity.

Language barriers, cultural differences, and lack of citizenship have all been found to be factors in the ethnic gap in voter turnout.

Racial gerrymandering is the practice of using race or ethnicity as a factor in drawing electoral district boundaries.

Discrimination in the political process, lower levels of political efficacy, and lack of resources have all been found to be factors in the racial gap in political participation.

Ideological affinity, partisan bias, and in-group bias are all terms used to describe the phenomenon where voters are more likely to support candidates who share their political ideology.

Language barriers, cultural differences, and lack of citizenship have all been found to be factors in the ethnic gap in political participation.

Racial packing is the practice of drawing electoral district boundaries in a way that dilutes the voting power of a particular racial or ethnic group.

Discrimination in the voter registration process, lack of access to voter registration information, and lower levels of political knowledge have all been found to be factors in the racial gap in voter registration.

Voter suppression is the practice of using race or ethnicity as a factor in determining who is eligible to vote.