Genetically engineered nitrogen-fixing crops offer multiple advantages, including increased crop yield, reduced fertilizer costs, and improved soil fertility.

Nitrogenase is the key enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation in genetically engineered plants.

Atmospheric nitrogen is the primary source of nitrogen for most plants, but they cannot directly utilize it.

Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Azospirillum are commonly used bacteria for genetic engineering of nitrogen fixation in plants.

Leghemoglobin's primary role in nitrogen-fixing root nodules is to protect nitrogenase from oxygen, which inhibits its activity.

The nifH, nifD, and nifK genes, among others, are commonly transferred to plants for nitrogen fixation.

Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.

Glutamine synthetase plays a crucial role in nitrogen metabolism, including ammonia assimilation, glutamine synthesis, and glutamate synthesis.

Genetic engineering of nitrogen fixation in plants faces challenges related to gene transfer efficiency, nitrogenase stability, and oxygen sensitivity.

Soybean is the first crop that has been successfully engineered for nitrogen fixation.

Genetically engineered nitrogen-fixing crops have the potential to reduce fertilizer usage, increase crop productivity, and improve soil health.

Genetically engineered nitrogen-fixing crops have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve water quality, and enhance biodiversity.

Genetically engineered nitrogen-fixing crops pose potential risks such as gene transfer to wild plants, evolution of resistant pests, and unintended ecological consequences.

The commercialization of genetically engineered nitrogen-fixing crops requires environmental impact assessment, food safety assessment, and socioeconomic impact assessment.

The future prospects for genetic engineering of nitrogen fixation in plants include the development of more efficient nitrogen-fixing systems, expansion to a wider range of crops, and mitigation of potential risks.