Functionalism, as proposed by Emile Durkheim, posits that religion serves essential functions in society, such as providing meaning, social solidarity, and moral guidance.

Weber argued that certain Protestant ethics, such as the emphasis on hard work and thrift, contributed to the rise of capitalism and economic development in Western Europe.

Marxist theory, particularly as expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, sees religion as an ideological superstructure that reflects and legitimizes the economic and social structures of a society.

Secularization refers to the long-term decline in the social and cultural influence of religion, often associated with modernization and urbanization.

Existentialism, as expounded by thinkers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, explores the human condition and the search for meaning in a seemingly meaningless universe, often highlighting the role of religion in providing existential comfort.

Institutionalization refers to the process by which religious beliefs and practices become integrated into the formal structures and organizations of a society, such as churches, temples, and religious laws.

Social Identity Theory, developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner, explores how individuals' self-concept and social identity are shaped by their membership in social groups, including religious groups.

Accommodation refers to the process by which religious beliefs and practices are modified or adjusted to adapt to new social and cultural contexts, often involving negotiation and compromise.

Social Capital Theory, developed by Pierre Bourdieu and James Coleman, explores the role of social networks and relationships in providing resources and benefits to individuals and groups, including religious communities.

Pluralization refers to the process by which religious diversity increases within a society, leading to competition and contestation among different religious groups and beliefs.

Conflict Theory, as proposed by Karl Marx and other theorists, sees religion as a tool used by dominant groups to maintain their power and control over subordinate groups, contributing to social stratification and inequality.

Socialization refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and practices of their social group, including religious beliefs and practices.

Functionalism, as proposed by Emile Durkheim, posits that religion serves essential functions in society, including providing a sense of community and belonging, especially in times of social upheaval or crisis.

Syncretism refers to the process by which religious beliefs and practices from different traditions are combined or blended to create a new religious system or tradition that incorporates elements from multiple sources.

Conflict Theory, as proposed by Karl Marx and other theorists, sees religion as a tool used by dominant groups to maintain their power and control over subordinate groups, including through political manipulation and the legitimization of existing power structures.