Mineral processing aims to separate valuable minerals from ores, which are naturally occurring mixtures of minerals and gangue (waste materials).

Gravity separation utilizes the differences in density between minerals to separate them. Heavier minerals settle at the bottom, while lighter minerals remain suspended.

Crushing and grinding are essential steps in mineral processing to reduce the size of ores, liberate valuable minerals from gangue, and increase the surface area of minerals for subsequent processing.

Magnetic separation is a process that utilizes the magnetic properties of minerals to separate them. Magnetic minerals are attracted to a magnetic field, while non-magnetic minerals are not.

Flotation is a process that separates minerals based on their surface properties. It involves adding chemicals to the mineral mixture, which selectively attach to the surfaces of valuable minerals. These minerals are then carried to the surface of the flotation cell by air bubbles, while gangue minerals remain suspended in the water.

Hydrometallurgy involves the use of aqueous solutions to dissolve and extract valuable metals from ores. This process is commonly used for metals such as copper, zinc, and gold.

Roasting is a process that involves heating ores in the presence of air to convert sulfide minerals to oxides. This process is often used to remove impurities and prepare ores for subsequent processing.

Gravity separation utilizes the differences in specific gravity between minerals to separate them. Heavier minerals settle at the bottom, while lighter minerals remain suspended.

Leaching involves the use of chemical solutions to dissolve valuable minerals from ores. This process is commonly used for metals such as copper, zinc, and gold.

Electrostatic separation utilizes the differences in electrical properties between minerals to separate them. Charged minerals are attracted to oppositely charged electrodes, while uncharged minerals are not.

Smelting is a process that involves heating ores to high temperatures to melt and separate metals from impurities. This process is commonly used for metals such as iron, copper, and aluminum.

Screening involves passing ores through screens with different mesh sizes to separate minerals based on their size. Larger minerals are retained on the screen, while smaller minerals pass through.

Beneficiation is a general term that refers to the processes used to improve the quality of ores by removing impurities, concentrating valuable minerals, and increasing the overall value of the ore.

Flotation involves the use of chemicals to selectively attach to the surfaces of valuable minerals, causing them to float to the surface of a liquid while gangue minerals remain suspended.

Tailings are the waste materials generated during mineral processing. They consist of gangue minerals, impurities, and other unwanted materials that are separated from the valuable minerals.