The Code of Hammurabi, dating back to the 18th century BCE, is the oldest known legal code that has survived to this day.

The ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic script was used for a variety of purposes, including religious ceremonies, administrative records, and literary narratives.

The Enuma Elish, an ancient Babylonian epic poem, contains the earliest known written account of the creation of the universe.

The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799, provided a key to understanding the Egyptian language by offering a parallel text in hieroglyphs, demotic script, and Greek.

The Analects, a collection of sayings and teachings attributed to Confucius, is one of the Five Classics of Confucianism.

Ostraca, pieces of pottery or stone, were used in ancient Greece for voting in public assemblies.

The Twelve Tables, dating back to the 5th century BCE, are the earliest known written laws of the Roman Republic.

The Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in the mid-20th century, provided new insights into the history of the Hebrew Bible and shed light on the development of Judaism.

The Tripitaka, a collection of Buddhist scriptures, is considered the foundational text of Buddhism.

The ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform script was used for a variety of purposes, including recording administrative and economic transactions, writing religious texts and hymns, and creating works of literature and poetry.

The Treaty of Kadesh, dating back to the 13th century BCE, is the earliest known written account of a peace treaty.

The ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead was a collection of spells, hymns, and prayers intended to guide the deceased in the afterlife.

The Vedas, a collection of sacred hymns and texts, are considered the foundational texts of Hinduism.

The ancient Mayan hieroglyphic script was used for a variety of purposes, including recording historical events and royal lineages, writing religious texts and rituals, and creating works of art and decoration.

The Code of Ur-Nammu, dating back to the 21st century BCE, contains the earliest known written account of a legal trial.