Thales of Miletus, a pre-Socratic philosopher, is often regarded as the first to propose a naturalistic explanation for natural phenomena, challenging the prevailing religious beliefs of his time.

Biblical Literalism is the belief that the religious texts, particularly the Bible, should be interpreted literally, including the accounts of creation and other scientific matters.

The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe's origin and evolution, proposing that the universe began as a singularity and has been expanding since.

Accommodationism is the belief that religious and scientific explanations can coexist and complement each other, allowing for a harmonious integration of faith and reason.

Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, is renowned for his theory of evolution by natural selection, which explains the diversity of life on Earth through the process of natural selection.

Theism is the belief that the universe and life within it were created by a supernatural being or beings, encompassing various religious traditions and beliefs.

Cosmology is the scientific field that studies the origin and evolution of the universe, including the properties and behavior of matter and energy on a large scale.

The Conflict Thesis is the belief that religious and scientific explanations are fundamentally incompatible and mutually exclusive, leading to a historical tension between religion and science.

Atomic Theory is the scientific theory that proposes that the universe is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms, which combine to form molecules and larger structures.

Integrationism is the belief that religious and scientific explanations can be integrated and reconciled, allowing for a harmonious understanding of the world, encompassing various approaches such as theistic evolution and process theology.

Quantum Mechanics is the scientific field that studies the properties and behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level, dealing with phenomena such as wave-particle duality and quantum entanglement.

The Separation Thesis is the belief that religious and scientific explanations are independent and non-overlapping, allowing for a separation between faith and reason, as proposed by thinkers like Stephen Jay Gould.

Dark Energy Theory is the scientific theory that proposes that the universe is expanding and accelerating, driven by a mysterious force known as dark energy, which is believed to make up about 68% of the universe's energy density.

The Conflict Model is the belief that religious and scientific explanations are in fundamental conflict and cannot be reconciled, leading to a historical tension between religion and science.

Optics is the scientific field that studies the properties and behavior of light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, including their interaction with matter and the formation of images.