Eugène Ionesco is widely regarded as the father of the Theatre of the Absurd, a movement that emerged in the mid-20th century and challenged traditional notions of drama and meaning.

Jean-Paul Sartre, a prominent existentialist philosopher, famously asserted that "existence precedes essence", emphasizing the primacy of existence over predetermined or inherent characteristics.

Meursault is the protagonist of Albert Camus's novel "The Stranger", a character who epitomizes the existentialist notion of absurdity and alienation.

Samuel Beckett's "Waiting for Godot" is a renowned play that exemplifies the Theatre of the Absurd, featuring two characters engaged in meaningless conversation while waiting for an elusive figure named Godot.

In Jean-Paul Sartre's play "No Exit", three characters find themselves trapped in a room with no windows or doors, symbolizing the existential concept of being confined to one's own consciousness.

Arthur Schopenhauer, a German philosopher, famously asserted that the world is fundamentally irrational and meaningless, leading to a sense of cosmic pessimism.

In Albert Camus's novel "The Plague", the plague breaks out in the city of Oran, symbolizing the existential struggle against an overwhelming and incomprehensible force.

Eugène Ionesco's play "Rhinoceros" centers around a rhinoceros that appears in a small town, allegorically representing the spread of conformity and herd mentality.

In Samuel Beckett's novel "Molloy", the protagonist's mother is named Lousse, a character who embodies the themes of absurdity and alienation.

Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philosopher, famously proclaimed that "God is dead", signifying the decline of traditional religious beliefs and values in modern society.

In Jean-Paul Sartre's novel "Nausea", the protagonist is Antoine Roquentin, a man who experiences a profound sense of nausea and absurdity in his existence.

Samuel Beckett's play "Waiting for Godot" features two main characters named Vladimir and Estragon, who engage in philosophical discussions while waiting for an elusive figure named Godot.

In Albert Camus's novel "The Fall", the protagonist is Jean-Baptiste Clamence, a former lawyer who confesses his past actions and reflects on the absurdity of existence.

Martin Heidegger, a German philosopher, introduced the concept of "dasein", or being-in-the-world, emphasizing the interconnectedness of human existence and the surrounding world.