PAHs are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of fused aromatic rings.

Industrial activities, particularly those involving the combustion of fossil fuels, are a major source of PAHs.

PAHs can be found in air, water, and soil, as well as in sediments and biota.

Benzo[a]pyrene is a potent carcinogen and is often used as an indicator of PAH contamination.

Humans can be exposed to PAHs through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact.

The toxicity of PAHs is influenced by various factors, including the number of aromatic rings, the presence of alkyl substituents, and the degree of oxidation.

PAHs primarily cause cancer through the formation of DNA adducts, which can lead to mutations and ultimately tumor formation.

GC-MS is a commonly used technique for the analysis of PAHs in environmental samples due to its high sensitivity and selectivity.

Exposure to PAHs has been linked to various health effects, including cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive problems.

The regulatory limit for PAHs in drinking water is typically set at 0.01 ppb.

Common remediation strategies for PAH-contaminated sites include excavation and disposal, in situ chemical oxidation, and bioremediation.

Naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene are all naturally occurring PAHs.

In urban areas, PAHs can come from vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and residential heating.

Benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and chrysene are all known for their mutagenic properties.

PAHs can exert their toxicity in aquatic organisms through narcosis, genotoxicity, and immunosuppression.