Party discipline

Electoral competition

Public opinion

Interest group pressure

It makes them more likely to vote in line with the party platform.

It makes them more likely to take positions that are popular with their constituents.

It makes them more likely to engage in pork barrel politics.

It makes them more likely to be responsive to interest group demands.

It ensures that elected officials are held accountable for their actions.

It promotes party unity and cohesion.

It makes it easier for parties to pass legislation.

All of the above

It can lead to groupthink and a lack of creativity.

It can make it difficult for elected officials to represent the interests of their constituents.

It can lead to corruption and abuse of power.

All of the above

It can help them win elections by providing them with campaign resources and volunteers.

It can hurt their chances of winning elections by alienating voters who disagree with the party's platform.

It has no effect on their electoral prospects.

The effect of party membership on electoral prospects varies depending on the specific circumstances.

It makes them more likely to support policies that are in line with the party platform.

It makes them more likely to support policies that are popular with their constituents.

It makes them more likely to support policies that benefit their own personal interests.

The effect of party membership on policy positions varies depending on the specific circumstances.

It makes them more likely to be responsive to the demands of their constituents.

It makes them less likely to be responsive to the demands of their constituents.

It has no effect on their responsiveness to their constituents.

The effect of party membership on responsiveness to constituents varies depending on the specific circumstances.

It makes them more likely to engage in corruption.

It makes them less likely to engage in corruption.

It has no effect on their likelihood of engaging in corruption.

The effect of party membership on corruption varies depending on the specific circumstances.

Strong party leadership

A high level of party discipline

A strong sense of party loyalty among elected officials

All of the above

Weakening party discipline

Reducing the role of parties in elections

Encouraging more independent candidates

All of the above