Govind Swarup, a renowned Indian astrophysicist, is credited as the father of Indian radio astronomy. He played a pivotal role in establishing the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), one of the world's largest radio telescopes.

The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) is situated in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is a premier facility for radio astronomy observations and has contributed significantly to our understanding of galaxies and the wider universe.

The observable universe is estimated to contain approximately 10^22 galaxies. This vast number highlights the immense scale and complexity of the cosmos.

Spiral galaxies, like our Milky Way, are distinguished by their prominent bulge and a surrounding disk composed of stars, gas, and dust. They exhibit beautiful spiral arms that originate from the central bulge.

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) derive their immense energy from the accretion of matter onto a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy. This process generates powerful jets and radiation that can be observed across the electromagnetic spectrum.

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was specifically designed to observe the universe in the visible light spectrum. This allows it to capture stunning images of galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial objects in exquisite detail.

The Andromeda Galaxy is located approximately 2.5 million light-years away from the Milky Way. It is the closest major galaxy to our own and is visible to the naked eye under dark skies.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, a renowned Indian astrophysicist, made significant contributions to the study of pulsars. His theoretical work laid the foundation for understanding these rapidly rotating neutron stars.

Dark energy is the mysterious force that is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate. Its existence is inferred from observations of distant supernovae and other cosmological data.

Jayant Narlikar, a distinguished Indian astrophysicist, has made significant contributions to the study of galaxy evolution. His work on the Hoyle-Narlikar theory of gravity and cosmology has garnered international recognition.

The prevailing cosmological model, known as the Big Bang theory, suggests that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old. This age is derived from various lines of evidence, including measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

Elliptical galaxies are distinguished by their smooth, featureless appearance. They lack prominent spiral arms or a central bulge and are typically composed of older stars.

Star formation is the process by which stars are born within galaxies. It occurs when dense clouds of gas and dust collapse under their own gravity, leading to the formation of protostars and eventually stars.

T. Padmanabhan, a renowned Indian astrophysicist, has made significant contributions to the study of dark matter and cosmology. His work on modified theories of gravity and the nature of dark energy has garnered international recognition.