Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals throughout the nervous system, enabling communication between different parts of the body.

Dendrites are branched extensions of the neuron that receive signals from other neurons at specialized junctions called synapses.

The axon is a long, slender projection of the neuron that transmits electrical signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

The synapse is a specialized junction between two neurons where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted from one neuron to another.

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, responsible for transmitting signals that increase the likelihood of a neuron firing.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, responsible for transmitting signals that decrease the likelihood of a neuron firing.

Dopamine is involved in regulating mood, reward, motivation, and attention, and is associated with feelings of pleasure and satisfaction.

Serotonin is involved in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and memory, and is associated with feelings of well-being and happiness.

Norepinephrine is involved in regulating attention, arousal, and focus, and is associated with increased alertness and energy.

Acetylcholine is involved in regulating muscle movement, memory, and attention, and is essential for communication between neurons and muscles.

Melatonin is the primary neurotransmitter involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles, helping to promote drowsiness and regulate the body's circadian rhythm.

Substance P is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of pain signals from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is the primary neurotransmitter involved in regulating body temperature, helping to maintain a constant internal temperature.

Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter involved in regulating heart rate, helping to control the rate and force of heart contractions.

Gastrin is the primary neurotransmitter involved in regulating digestion, helping to stimulate the production of gastric juices and control the movement of food through the digestive tract.