Sand casting is a metal casting process characterized by using sand as the mold material. The sand is mixed with a binder to create a mold cavity that receives molten metal.

In investment casting, a wax pattern is created to form the mold cavity. The wax pattern is then invested with a ceramic material, which hardens to form the mold. Molten metal is then poured into the mold to create the casting.

Die casting is a metal casting process that is commonly used for mass-producing small, intricate metal parts. In die casting, molten metal is forced under high pressure into a mold cavity created by two dies.

Centrifugal casting offers the advantage of improved surface finish compared to other casting techniques. The centrifugal force generated during casting helps to distribute the molten metal evenly and eliminate surface defects.

Investment casting is well-suited for producing large, complex castings with intricate details. It allows for the creation of intricate shapes and fine surface finishes.

In lost-foam casting, a foam pattern is used to create the mold cavity. The foam pattern is placed in a flask and surrounded by sand. Molten metal is then poured into the flask, vaporizing the foam pattern and creating the casting.

Plaster mold casting is a metal casting process that involves pouring molten metal into a mold made of plaster. Plaster mold casting is often used for artistic purposes and for producing small, intricate castings.

A sprue serves multiple purposes in casting. It allows molten metal to enter the mold cavity, provides a passage for gases to escape from the mold, and creates a reservoir of molten metal for feeding the casting.

Shell mold casting is commonly used for producing large, hollow castings. In shell mold casting, a thin, hard shell mold is created using a resin-bonded sand mixture.

Permanent mold casting offers several advantages over sand casting, including faster production rates, improved surface finish, and reduced porosity.

Investment casting is well-suited for producing castings with complex internal geometries. The use of a wax pattern allows for the creation of intricate shapes and internal cavities.

A riser serves multiple purposes in casting. It provides a reservoir of molten metal for feeding the casting, allows gases to escape from the mold, and creates a directional solidification pattern.

Die casting is commonly used for producing castings with high dimensional accuracy and surface finish. The use of a metal mold allows for precise control over the shape and dimensions of the casting.

Centrifugal casting offers the advantage of improved surface finish compared to sand casting. The centrifugal force generated during casting helps to distribute the molten metal evenly and eliminate surface defects.

Investment casting is well-suited for producing large, complex castings with intricate details. It allows for the creation of intricate shapes and fine surface finishes.