Søren Kierkegaard is widely regarded as the father of Existentialism, a philosophical movement that emphasizes the importance of individual existence, freedom, and choice.

Friedrich Nietzsche is known for his proclamation, "God is dead", which signifies the decline of traditional religious beliefs and the rise of secularism in modern society.

Edmund Husserl's phenomenology focuses on the study of consciousness, aiming to understand the structures and processes of human experience.

Jacques Derrida is known for his concept of "deconstruction," which involves critically examining and questioning the assumptions, structures, and meanings embedded in language and texts.

Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of the "will to power" emphasizes the fundamental drive within individuals and societies to assert their power and influence.

Existentialism in literature delves into the complexities of human existence, exploring themes such as freedom, choice, meaning, and authenticity.

Martin Heidegger's concept of "being-in-the-world" emphasizes the interconnectedness between human existence and the world, highlighting our situatedness and engagement with our surroundings.

Ferdinand de Saussure's structuralist linguistics posits that language is a system of differences, where meaning is generated through the relationships between signs and their contrasts.

Albert Camus's "The Stranger" explores the theme of the absurdity of existence, highlighting the meaninglessness and irrationality of the universe in contrast to the human desire for meaning and purpose.

Michel Foucault's concept of "the gaze" examines the power dynamics and social control inherent in the act of observation and surveillance.

Phenomenology, as developed by Edmund Husserl, centers on the study of consciousness, aiming to understand the structures and processes of human experience.

Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of "the eternal return" posits that every moment in our lives will repeat itself endlessly, challenging us to live authentically and embrace our existence.

Michel Foucault's theory of power emphasizes its decentralized and dispersed nature, operating through networks and institutions rather than being concentrated in a single entity.

Jean-Paul Sartre's "No Exit" explores the existential theme of the futility of escape from one's own existence, highlighting the interconnectedness of human beings and the impossibility of true isolation.

Jean Baudrillard's concept of "the simulacrum" refers to the replacement of reality with simulations and copies, leading to a loss of distinction between the real and the artificial.