The Upanishads are a collection of philosophical and spiritual texts that form the core of Hindu philosophy.

The Upanishads explore the concept of Atman, the individual soul or self, and its relationship with Brahman, the universal soul or reality.

Adi Shankara is a prominent philosopher in the Advaita Vedanta school of Hinduism, which posits that the world is an illusion and that the ultimate reality is Brahman.

Nirvana is the ultimate goal in Buddhism, a state of liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth.

Mahayana Buddhism places a strong emphasis on compassion and the bodhisattva ideal, where practitioners strive to attain enlightenment for the benefit of all beings.

Ahimsa, or non-violence, is a fundamental principle in Jainism, which emphasizes the sanctity of all life forms.

Mahavira, the founder of Jainism, propounded the concept of Anekantavada, which asserts that reality is complex and can be viewed from multiple perspectives.

Sahaj, or spiritual equilibrium, is the ultimate goal in Sikhism, where practitioners strive to live in harmony with the divine and lead a righteous life.

Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, emphasized the importance of Karma, or actions, and the cycle of rebirth.

Dharma, or righteous duty, is a key concept in the Bhagavad Gita, which explores the conflict between personal desires and moral obligations.

Ramanuja, a prominent philosopher in the Vaishnava school of Hinduism, emphasized the importance of Bhakti, or devotion to God, as the path to liberation.

Moksha, or liberation from the cycle of rebirth, is the ultimate goal in Advaita Vedanta, a school of Hindu philosophy that emphasizes the non-duality of the individual soul and the universal soul.

Madhvacharya, a prominent philosopher in the Dvaita school of Hinduism, posited that the individual soul and the universal soul are distinct entities.

Pramana, or valid means of knowledge, is a key concept in the Nyaya school, which emphasizes the importance of logic and reasoning in understanding reality.

Kanada, the founder of the Vaisheshika school, proposed that the universe is composed of indivisible atoms.