The Battle of Stalingrad, fought between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany from 1942 to 1943, is widely regarded as the turning point of World War II in Europe. The Soviet victory at Stalingrad marked the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany and significantly boosted the morale of the Allied forces.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower served as the Supreme Allied Commander during the D-Day landings in Normandy in June 1944. He was responsible for planning and coordinating the massive invasion, which involved over 150,000 troops from the United States, Britain, and Canada.

Themistocles was a prominent Athenian general and statesman who played a crucial role in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta. He is credited with developing innovative naval strategies, including the construction of a powerful fleet that ultimately secured Athens' victory in the Battle of Salamis.

Operation Z was the codename for the surprise attack carried out by the Imperial Japanese Navy on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. The attack resulted in the deaths of over 2,400 Americans and prompted the United States' entry into World War II.

The Siege of Leningrad, which lasted from 1941 to 1944 during World War II, is regarded as the longest siege in history. The city of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) was besieged by German forces for nearly 900 days, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians due to starvation, disease, and bombardment.

General Robert E. Lee served as the commander of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. He is considered one of the most skilled military leaders in American history, despite the ultimate defeat of the Confederacy.

The Wars of the Roses was a series of civil wars fought in England between 1455 and 1485. It was primarily a dynastic struggle between the House of Lancaster and the House of York for control of the English throne.

The Axis Powers was the name given to the military alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II. The alliance was formed in 1940 and aimed to establish a new world order dominated by these three countries.

Napoleon Bonaparte, also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who is renowned for his brilliant military strategies and decisive victories. He led France to numerous victories during the Napoleonic Wars and established a vast empire across Europe.

Operation Cobra was the codename for the military operation launched by the Allied forces in July 1944, which aimed to break through German defenses in Normandy and liberate Paris from Nazi occupation. The operation was a success and led to the liberation of Paris in August 1944.

Sun Tzu was a Chinese military strategist and philosopher who lived during the 6th century BC. He is best known for his book 'The Art of War,' which is considered one of the most influential military treatises in history and is still studied by military leaders today.

The Battle of the Spanish Armada took place in 1588 and was a decisive victory for the English navy over the Spanish Armada. The defeat of the Spanish Armada prevented a potential invasion of England and marked a turning point in the Anglo-Spanish conflict.

In Russia, World War II is commonly referred to as the 'Great Patriotic War.' The term reflects the Soviet Union's perspective on the conflict, emphasizing the sacrifices and heroism of the Soviet people in defending their homeland against Nazi Germany and its allies.

The Battle of Berlin was the final major offensive of the European theater of World War II. It took place in April and May 1945 and resulted in the capture of Berlin by the Soviet Union, marking the end of Nazi Germany's resistance.

The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts fought between England and France from 1337 to 1453. It was primarily a dynastic struggle between the House of Plantagenet and the House of Valois for control of the French throne.