Semantic equivalence focuses on conveying the meaning of the source text in a way that is understandable to the target audience, even if it means deviating from the original wording.

Formal equivalence aims to maintain the original structure, grammar, and vocabulary of the source text as closely as possible.

Communicative equivalence prioritizes the effective communication of the message in the target language, taking into account the cultural context and expectations of the target audience.

Critics of dynamic equivalence argue that it can lead to translators taking too much liberty in adapting the source text, potentially altering or losing its intended meaning.

Equivalence in translation refers to the overall similarity between the source and target texts, encompassing factors such as meaning, structure, and style.

Hermeneutic translation focuses on the translator's role as an interpreter who actively engages with the source text to understand and convey its meaning in the target language.

Communicative translation prioritizes the effective communication of the message in the target language, taking into account the cultural context and expectations of the target audience.

Approximative translation focuses on conveying the general idea or gist of the source text, rather than attempting to translate every word or phrase literally.

Critics of formal equivalence argue that it can lead to translations that sound stilted or awkward in the target language, as it prioritizes the structure and form of the source text over naturalness.

Stylistic translation focuses on preserving the style, tone, and register of the source text, ensuring that the translation conveys the intended mood and atmosphere.

Critics of dynamic equivalence argue that it can lead to translators taking too much liberty in adapting the source text, potentially altering or losing its intended meaning.

Critics of formal equivalence argue that it can lead to translations that sound stilted or awkward in the target language, as it prioritizes the structure and form of the source text over naturalness.

Cultural translation focuses on preserving the cultural context and nuances of the source text, ensuring that the translation is accessible and meaningful to the target audience.

Critics of communicative equivalence argue that it can lead to translations that are too focused on adapting to the target culture, potentially losing or misrepresenting the cultural context of the source text.

Intercultural translation focuses on the translator's role as a mediator between cultures, ensuring that the translation is accessible and meaningful to both the source and target audiences.