Language has multiple functions beyond communication, including expressing cultural values, marking group membership, and influencing cognition.

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that language influences thought and worldview, but it does not claim that language determines them.

Language reflects identity through various means, including word choice, accent, dialect, and communication style.

Accommodation refers to the process of adapting one's language to match the speech patterns of others, often to facilitate communication.

Language influences identity in various ways, including shaping one's perspective, sense of belonging, and self-concept.

Linguistic boundary-making refers to the use of language to create and maintain social boundaries between groups, often through the use of exclusive language or the devaluation of other languages.

Linguistic discrimination can manifest in various forms, including refusing services, mocking accents, and using language to exclude or marginalize groups.

Language revitalization refers to the process of reclaiming and revitalizing an endangered language, often through community-based efforts to promote its use and transmission.

Language reclamation involves various efforts to revive and promote the use of an endangered language, including teaching, resource creation, and advocacy.

Bilingualism refers to the ability to speak and understand two languages, while maintaining proficiency in both.

Bilingualism has been associated with various benefits, including improved cognitive skills, enhanced job opportunities, and greater cultural understanding.

Self-expression refers to the use of language to communicate one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences, often as a means of expressing one's identity.

Self-expression through language can take various forms, including writing, blogging, storytelling, and other forms of communication.

Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society, including the role of language in identity formation and expression.

Language and identity studies explore various aspects of the relationship between language and identity, including the role of language in constructing social identities, the relationship between language and power, and the impact of language policies.