Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central government and several regional governments.

The separation of powers is designed to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.

The legislative branch, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, is responsible for creating laws.

A pocket veto occurs when the President does not sign a bill within ten days while Congress is adjourned.

The judicial branch, consisting of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, is responsible for interpreting the laws.

The Necessary and Proper Clause, also known as the Elastic Clause, allows Congress to make laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers.

The 11th Amendment established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

Nullification is the process by which state governments can declare federal laws unconstitutional and refuse to enforce them within their borders.

The Supremacy Clause establishes the principle that federal law is the supreme law of the land and that state laws must yield to federal laws in cases of conflict.

An executive order is a directive issued by the President that has the force of law and does not require congressional approval.

The Foreign Affairs Clause prohibits states from entering into treaties or alliances with foreign nations, giving the federal government exclusive authority over foreign policy.

A presidential pardon is a legal document issued by the President that grants forgiveness for a federal crime, absolving the individual from any legal consequences.

The 10th Amendment reserves certain powers to the states and prohibits the federal government from interfering with those powers.

A presidential reprieve is a temporary suspension of the execution of a sentence, granted by the President.

The Direct Tax Clause prohibits the federal government from imposing direct taxes on individuals without apportioning them among the states based on population.