Federalism aims to create a unified political system while accommodating diverse regional, cultural, and linguistic identities.

Federalism involves the distribution of powers between different levels of government, typically a central government and state or provincial governments.

Devolution refers to the transfer of powers from a central government to regional or local authorities.

The United States is frequently held up as a model of successful federalism due to its long history of balancing central and state powers.

Decentralization aims to empower local communities and governments to make decisions and manage their own affairs.

Decentralization can take various forms, including delegation of authority, devolution of powers, and the creation of autonomous regions.

Federalism can face challenges such as conflicts between different levels of government, unequal resource distribution, and difficulties in coordinating policies.

Decentralization can lead to improved local governance, reduced burden on the central government, enhanced economic development, and other benefits.

India has a decentralized system of government with powers shared between the central government and state governments.

Centralization refers to the concentration of powers in the hands of the central government.

Decentralization can potentially lead to increased local corruption, weakened national unity, and difficulty in implementing national policies.

A unitary system of government is one in which power is concentrated in the hands of the central government.

The United Kingdom has a unitary system of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of the central government.

A federal system of government is one in which power is shared between the central government and state or provincial governments.

Switzerland has a confederal system of government in which power is shared among cantons (states) and the federal government.