Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist, discovered the law of conservation of mass in the 18th century.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection in his book, 'On the Origin of Species', published in 1859.

J.J. Thomson, a British physicist, discovered the electron in 1897.

Albert Einstein proposed the equivalence of mass and energy in his theory of relativity, expressed by the equation E=mc^2.

James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA in 1953, based on the X-ray crystallography data obtained by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.

Isaac Newton proposed the law of inertia, the law of conservation of energy, and the law of universal gravitation in his laws of motion.

Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, developed the periodic table of elements in the 19th century.

Max Planck proposed the quantization of energy in his quantum theory, stating that energy can only exist in discrete packets called quanta.

Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand-born physicist, discovered the nucleus of an atom in 1911.

Louis Pasteur, a French chemist and microbiologist, proposed the germ theory of disease in the 19th century, stating that microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses cause disease.

Friedrich Kekule, a German chemist, proposed the hexagonal structure of benzene in 1865.

Marie Curie, a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist, discovered the elements radium and polonium in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist and geophysicist, proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century.

Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk and scientist, proposed the laws of heredity, including the law of segregation, the law of independent assortment, and the law of dominance, in the mid-19th century.

James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of the double helix of DNA in 1953, based on the X-ray crystallography data obtained by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.